RIM2D
Highly Efficient 2D Hydraulic Simulation of Fluvial, Pluvial and Urban Flooding. RIM2D is a raster based inundation model solving the inertial formulation of the shallow water equation, including the consideration of drainage. It is implemented in CUDA Fortran and leverages parallelisation on GPUs.
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mentions
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contributors
Description
Rapid Inundation Model 2D RIM2D – Highly Efficient 2D Hydraulic Simulation of Fluvial, Pluvial, Coastal and Combined Flooding
The core of the RIM2D software consists of a 2D flood model that calculates surface inundation dynamics in a raster-based approach using simplified shallow water equations. In urban areas, simulations can be carried out at high spatial resolutions of ≤ 5 metres, accounting for buildings and roads. Urban drainage via the sewer network and infiltration are incorporated through a capacitive approach applied to sealed and unsealed surfaces, respectively.
RIM2D produces spatially explicit flood maps as output, along with the loading on the wastewater system at high temporal resolution, aggregated across the entire municipality. From the simulations, inundation depths and flow velocities can be extracted, from which further flood impact indicators can be derived — such as risk to human life, vehicle displacement, and expected structural damage to buildings.

Core Features:
- Flood simulation for fluvial, pluvial, coastal and combined flooding, at both large and small scales and in urban environments → a complete solution for municipalities and cities
- Ability to use freely available geodata directly in raster format for simulations → straightforward model setup and transferability, including worldwide application
- Short computation times through massive parallelisation on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) → enables use in operational forecasting (e.g. precipitation forecast → hydrological model → RIM2D or precipitation forecast → RIM2D), as well as probabilistic risk analyses with a high number of model runs
- The straight foreward model structure enables extensive automation of model setup for fast and resource-efficient creation of application models and transferability to other areas/municipalities
Thanks to these features, RIM2D holds decisive advantages — particularly over the coupled 1D-2D models currently used as standard for simulating urban flooding. With those models, neither operational forecasting nor probabilistic analysis is feasible due to long model runtimes. Furthermore, even larger municipalities can be simulated in their entirety — rather than just partial areas — which is likewise generally not possible with the coupled approaches of existing models, owing to their high data and computational demands.
User groups
In addition to the scientific community, user groups for the software include engineering firms, local authorities, government agencies, and insurance companies.
Dual licensing:
The software and an associated QGIS plugin are available free of charge for scientific purposes under an EUPLv1.2 license. Access to the repository is available upon request.
For commercial purposes, there is a proprietary version of the software and various product lines (RIM2D Cloud, RIM2D Engine, RIMahead). Further information is available on our website: www.rim2d.eu
Participating organisations
Reference papers
- 1.Author(s): Shahin Khosh Bin Ghomash, Patricio Yeste, Heiko Apel, Viet Dung NguyenPublished in 202510.5194/nhess-25-975-2025
- 2.Author(s): Shahin Khosh Bin Ghomash, Siqi Deng, Johannes Spazier, Heiko ApelPublished by Copernicus GmbH in 202510.5194/egusphere-2025-2425
- 3.Author(s): Shahin Khosh Bin Ghomash, Heiko Apel, Kai Schröter, Max SteinhausenPublished in 202510.5194/nhess-25-1737-2025
- 4.Author(s): Heiko Apel, Jakob Benisch, Björn Helm, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Bruno MerzPublished in 202410.3389/frwa.2024.1310182
Mentions
- 1.Author(s): Juliette Godet, Eric Gaume, Pierre Javelle, Thomas Dias, Pierre Nicolle, Olivier PayrastrePublished in 202610.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106058
- 2.Author(s): Shahin Khosh Bin Ghomash, Siqi Deng, Heiko ApelPublished in 202610.5194/nhess-26-85-2026
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- 12.Author(s): Anna Heidenreich, Heather J. Murdock, Annegret H. ThiekenPublished in 202510.1111/jfr3.70021
- 13.Author(s): Jan Handwerker, Christian Barthlott, Matteo Bauckholt, Alexandre Belleflamme, Alexander Böhmländer, Erik Borg, Galina Dick, Peter Dietrich, Bernd Fichtelmann, Gernot Geppert, Klaus Goergen, Andreas Güntner, Suad Hammoudeh, Maxime Hervo, Elias Hühn, Milin Kaniyodical Sebastian, Jan Keller, Martin Kohler, Peter Knippertz, Michael Kunz, Solveig Landmark, Yanxia Li, Mehrdad Mohannazadeh, Ottmar Möhler, Mona Morsy, Husain Najafi, Nithila Devi Nallasamy, Annika Oertel, Oldrich Rakovec, Hendrik Reich, Marvin Reich, Harald Saathoff, Luis Samaniego, Martin Schrön, Claudia Schütze, Thorsten Steinert, Franziska Vogel, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Ute Weber, Andreas Wieser, Hengheng ZhangPublished in 202510.3389/feart.2025.1555755
- 14.Author(s): Sergiy Vorogushyn, Li Han, Heiko Apel, Viet Dung Nguyen, Björn Guse, Xiaoxiang Guan, Oldrich Rakovec, Husain Najafi, Luis Samaniego, Bruno MerzPublished in 202510.5194/nhess-25-2007-2025
- 15.Author(s): Xiaoxiang Guan, Viet Dung Nguyen, Paul Voit, Bruno Merz, Maik Heistermann, Sergiy VorogushynPublished in 202510.5194/nhess-25-3075-2025
- 16.Author(s): Poulomi Ganguli, N. Nithila Devi, Heiko Apel, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Prachi Pratyasha Jena, Chandranath Chatterjee, Bruno MerzPublished in 202510.1029/2025gl115795
- 17.Author(s): Juliette Godet, Pierre Nicolle, Nabil Hocini, Eric Gaume, Philippe Davy, Frederic Pons, Pierre Javelle, Pierre-André Garambois, Dimitri Lague, Olivier PayrastrePublished in 202510.5194/essd-17-2963-2025
- 18.Author(s): Orfeas Karountzos, Marcos Julien Alexopoulos, Theano Iliopoulou, Christina Iliopoulou, Denis IstratiPublished in 202510.1051/e3sconf/202565103003
- 19.Author(s): Alessa Truedinger, Joern BirkmannPublished in 202510.1111/jfr3.70033
- 20.Author(s): T. Lazzarin, P. Costabile, D.P. VieroPublished in 202510.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133617
- 21.Author(s): Jian Su, Jonas Wied Pedersen, Ida Margrethe Ringgaard, Morten Andreas Dahl LarsenPublished in 202510.1038/s44304-025-00077-4
- 22.Author(s): André Felipe Rocha Silva, Julian Cardoso Eleutério, Heiko Apel, Heidi KreibichPublished in 202510.5194/nhess-25-1501-2025
- 23.Author(s): Belinda Rhein, Heidi KreibichPublished in 202510.5194/nhess-25-581-2025
- 24.Author(s): Robert Chlumsky, James R. Craig, Bryan A. TolsonPublished in 202510.5194/gmd-18-3387-2025
- 25.Author(s): Lisa Burghardt, Elena-Maria Klopries, Holger SchüttrumpfPublished in 202410.1007/s35152-024-1847-x
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- 28.Author(s): Montanari, Alberto, Merz, Bruno, Blöschl, GünterPublished in 202410.5194/egusphere-2023-2420-rc2
- 29.Author(s): Rocha Silva, André Felipe, Eleutério, Julian Cardoso, Apel, Heiko, Kreibich, HeidiPublished in 202410.5194/nhess-2024-183-rc2
- 30.Author(s): Alberto MontanariPublished in 202410.5194/egusphere-2023-2420-ac1
- 31.Author(s): Markus Mosimann, Olivia Martius, Andreas Paul ZischgPublished in 202410.2139/ssrn.4893831
- 32.Author(s): Lemuel Clark Velasco, Alyssa Jenn Estose, Melcris Opon, Emily TabanaoPublished in 202410.1007/978-3-031-53960-2_29
- 33.Author(s): Joy Ommer, Jessica Neumann, Milan Kalas, Sophie Blackburn, Hannah L. ClokePublished in 202410.5194/nhess-24-2633-2024
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- 40.Author(s): Boris Gailleton, Philippe Steer, Philippe Davy, Wolfgang Schwanghart, Thomas BernardPublished in 202410.5194/esurf-12-1295-2024
- 41.Author(s): Alberto MontanariPublished in 202410.5194/egusphere-2023-2420-ac2
- 42.Author(s): Kun Wang, Jian Chen, Hao Hu, Yuchao Tang, Jian Huang, Youbing Wu, Jingyu Lu, Jinjun ZhouPublished in 202410.3390/w16233383
- 43.Author(s): Arnau Bayón, Daniel Valero, Mário J. FrancaPublished in 202410.1111/jfr3.13002
- 44.Author(s): Shahin Khosh Bin Ghomash, Heiko Apel, Daniel Caviedes-VoullièmePublished in 202410.5194/nhess-24-2857-2024
- 45.Author(s): Mathilde de Goër de Herve, Wieke D. PotPublished in 202410.1186/s12302-024-00928-3
- 46.Author(s): Thomas Roggenkamp, Thomas Roggenkamp, Jürgen Herget, Thomas Roggenkamp, Thomas RoggenkampPublished in 202410.1016/j.gloplacha.2024.104541
- 47.Author(s): Seth Bryant, Guy Schumann, Heiko Apel, Heidi Kreibich, Bruno MerzPublished in 202410.5194/hess-28-575-2024
- 48.Author(s): Joy OmmerPublished in 202410.5194/egusphere-2024-296-ac2
- 49.Author(s): Husain Najafi, Pallav Kumar Shrestha, Oldrich Rakovec, Heiko Apel, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Rohini Kumar, Stephan Thober, Bruno Merz, Luis SamaniegoPublished in 202410.1038/s41467-024-48065-y
- 50.Author(s): Gwyneth Matthews, Calum Baugh, Christopher Barnard, Corentin Carton De Wiart, Juan Colonese, Stefania Grimaldi, Daniel Ham, Eleanor Hansford, Shaun Harrigan, Stine Heiselberg, Helen Hooker, Sazzad Hossain, Cinzia Mazzetti, Leonardo Milano, Francesca Moschini, Karen O’Regan, Florian Pappenberger, Daniel Pfister, Ragindra Man Rajbhandari, Peter Salamon, Arthur Ramos, Kay Shelton, Elisabeth Stephens, Dimitar Tasev, Monica Turner, Marc van den Homberg, Julia Wittig, Ervin Zsótér, Christel PrudhommePublished in 202410.1016/b978-0-443-14009-9.00014-6
Contributors
Contact person
HA
Heiko Apel
Designer, Developer and Maintainer
GFZ German Research Centre for Geoscience
0000-0002-8852-652X
Mail HeikoHA
Heiko Apel
SV
Sergiy Vorogushyn
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
JH
Julian Haas
GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
Helmholtz Program-oriented Funding IV
Research Field
Research Program
PoF Topic