Spin-Dependent 5th Force Limits
This is an open research software and data platform for compiling, standardizing, and visualizing constraints on spin-dependent exotic interactions beyond the Standard Model. It provides a unified, reusable, and citable framework for comparing results across experiments and parameter spaces.
Cite this software
Description
Dataset Instruction
Overview
This repository provides a standardized, continuously updated research software platform for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing experimental constraints on spin-dependent exotic interactions (also known as the spin-dependent fifth force, SDFF).
The platform integrates a curated dataset of experimental limits with an interactive visualization and comparison tool, enabling researchers to:
- Access and compare constraints across different experiments and interaction types
- Generate exclusion plots in a unified and consistent framework
- Benchmark new theoretical models or experimental results against existing bounds
- Contribute and update data as part of a growing community resource
The SDFF arises from the exchange of a hypothetical boson of mass M between fermions X and Y, representing a possible extension beyond the four fundamental forces. Unlike conventional forces, SDFF depends explicitly on the spin degrees of freedom, analogous in some aspects to magnetic interactions.
We categorize interactions into the following types:
- Axial-vector/vector, axial-vector/axial-vector, vector/vector.
- Pseudoscalar/scalar, pseudoscalar/pseudoscalar, scalar/scalar.
- Tensor/tensor, pseudotensor/tensor, and pseudotensor/pseudotensor.
For notation and operator definitions, see the RMP review: Spin-Dependent Exotic Interactions.
Role as a Community Research Tool
This project is designed as a community-driven scientific software platform, rather than a static dataset. It serves as a reference infrastructure for the field, accompanying recent review work and supporting ongoing theoretical and experimental studies.
The software is actively used within our collaboration and is intended for broader adoption by the community.
For contributions or to include your new results, please feel free to contact Dr. Lei Cong (congllzu@gmail.com), Dr. Wei Ji (weiji001@uni-mainz.de), or Prof. Dmitry Budker (budker@uni-mainz.de).
Citation
Participating organisations
Reference papers
- 1.Author(s): Lei Cong, Wei Ji, Pavel Fadeev, Filip Ficek, Min Jiang, Victor V. Flambaum, Haosen Guan, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, Mikhail G. Kozlov, Yevgeny V. Stadnik, Dmitry BudkerPublished in Reviews of Modern Physics by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/revmodphys.97.025005
- 2.Author(s): Lei Cong, Filip Ficek, Pavel Fadeev, Dmitry BudkerPublished in Physical Review A by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/8nyk-sysy
Mentions
- 1.Author(s): S. Lahs, D. Comparat, F. Kirk, B. RobertsPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/j7s3-wjg6
- 2.Author(s): Zheng-Ting 政廷 Lai 赖, Jun-Xu 俊旭 Lu 陆, Li-Sheng 立升 Geng 耿, Kai 凯 Wei 魏, Wei 伟 Ji 季Published in Chinese Physics Letters by IOP Publishing in 2026, page: 03020210.1088/0256-307x/43/3/030202
- 3.Author(s): Piotr OgonowskiPublished in Physica Scripta by IOP Publishing in 2026, page: 15500210.1088/1402-4896/ae59ca
- 4.Author(s): Deniz Aybas, Hendrik Bekker, Dmitry Budker, Wei Ji, On Kim, Younggeun Kim, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, Jia Liu, Xiaolin Ma, Chiara P. Salemi, Yannis K. Semertzidis, Alexander O. Sushkov, Kai Wei, Arne Wickenbrock, Yuzhe ZhangPublished in Universe by MDPI AG in 2026, page: 10610.3390/universe12040106
- 5.Author(s): Yuanji Sheng, Yingchun Leng, Kenan Tian, Rui Li, Yiming Chen, Dingjiang Long, Siwen Chen, Xuan He, Peiran YinPublished in Physical Review Applied by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/fnhb-bzqr
- 6.Author(s): Shengbang Zhou, Qing Li, Yi Ren, Jingyan Xu, Raphael Kircher, Danila A. Barskiy, Dmitry Budker, Min Jiang, Xinhua PengPublished in Physical Review Letters by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/36n5-fkb2
- 7.Author(s): Qian Wang, Rui Luo, Pengshun LuoPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/wp4k-xn53
- 8.Author(s): T. Mulkey, K. N. Lopez, C. D. Hughes, B. Hill, M. Van Meter, H. Wijeratne, J. C. Long, M. Sarsour, W. M. Snow, K. Li, R. Parajuli, S. Samiei, D. V. Baxter, M. Luxnat, Y. Zhang, C. Jiang, E. Stringfellow, J. Torres, R. HobbsPublished in Physical Review Letters by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/bjw2-fbfc
- 9.Author(s): Chen Jin, Ren-Peng Li, Lin Zhu, Qi Liu, Pengshun Luo, Shan-Qing Yang, Cheng-Gang ShaoPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/zqy9-tbqs
- 10.Author(s): Yuval Grossman, Bingrong Yu, Siyu ZhouPublished in Journal of High Energy Physics by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in 202610.1007/jhep01(2026)145
- 11.Author(s): Ian Harris, Yonatan KahnPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/92sp-sshj
- 12.Author(s): Shaobo Zhang, Jingyao Wang, George Sun, Johannes J. van de Wetering, Michael V. RomalisPublished in 202610.1103/wqqq-s2bz
- 13.Author(s): Yu Cheng, Shuailiang GePublished in 202610.1103/mzcz-n7r2
- 14.Author(s): Qian-Qian Guo, Xiong-Hui Cao, Zhi-Hui Guo, Hai-Qing ZhouPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/pw8q-xknh
- 15.Author(s): Rundong Fang, Ji-Heng Guo, Jia Liu, Xiao-Ping Wang, YanLi ZhaoPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/mrm8-qv1j
- 16.Author(s): Philipp Blumer, Gianluca Janka, Svenja Geissmann, Iren Ignatov, Marcus Mähring, Zaher Salman, Andreas Suter, Edward Thorpe-Woods, Thomas Prokscha, Ben Ohayon, Paolo Crivelli, Mu-MASS CollaborationPublished in Physical Review A by American Physical Society (APS) in 202610.1103/f1z4-xzq2
- 17.Author(s): Konstantin Gaul, Lei Cong, Dmitry BudkerPublished in 202610.1103/d19m-s856
- 18.Author(s): Damiano F. G. Fiorillo, Alessandro Lella, Ciaran A. J. O’Hare, Edoardo VitaglianoPublished in Physical Review Letters by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/tlqz-713s
- 19.Author(s): P. Carenza, J. Jaeckel, G. Lucente, T. K. Poddar, N. Sherrill, M. SpannowskyPublished in Journal of High Energy Physics by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in 202510.1007/jhep08(2025)213
- 20.Author(s): Xing Heng, Zitong Xu, Xiaofei Huang, Dinghui Gong, Guoqing Tian, Wei Ji, Jiancheng Fang, Dmitry Budker, Kai WeiPublished in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 202510.1073/pnas.2512538122
- 21.Author(s): Rundong Fang, Ji-Heng Guo, Jia Liu, Xiao-Ping WangPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/r9p5-fxzb
- 22.Author(s): Runqi Kang, Xing RongPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/ztn5-bg2y
- 23.Author(s): Sami S. Khamis, Ibrahim A. Sulai, Paul Hamilton, S. Afach, B. C. Buchler, D. Budker, N. L. Figueroa, R. Folman, D. Gavilán-Martín, M. Givon, Z. D. Grujić, H. Guo, M. P. Hedges, D. F. Jackson Kimball, D. Kim, E. Klinger, T. Kornack, A. Kryemadhi, N. Kukowski, G. Łukasiewicz, H. Masia-Roig, M. Padniuk, C. A. Palm, S. Y. Park, X. Peng, M. Pospelov, S. Pustelny, Y. Rosenzweig, O. M. Ruimi, P. C. Segura, T. Scholtes, Y. K. Semertzidis, Y. C. Shin, J. E. Stalnaker, D. Tandon, A. Weis, A. Wickenbrock, T. Z. Wilson, T. Wu, J. Zhang, Y. ZhaoPublished in Physical Review X by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/fsc8-6sl5
- 24.Author(s): Jin-Bao Wang, Zhi-Hui Guo, Hai-Qing ZhouPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/xsvj-g811
- 25.Author(s): Hongkai Liu, Ben Ohayon, Omer Shtaif, Yotam SoreqPublished in Physical Review Letters by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/ndfg-42w7
- 26.Author(s): X P Geng, B Zhong, Z H ZhangPublished in Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics by IOP Publishing in 2025, page: 11500410.1088/1361-6471/ae1cd7
- 27.Author(s): Jing Dong, W. T. He, S.-D. Zou, D. L. Zhou, Qing AiPublished in Physical Review D by American Physical Society (APS) in 202510.1103/nrww-mbk1
- 28.Author(s): Akio KawasakiPublished in Applied Physics Reviews by AIP Publishing in 202510.1063/5.0273813